SMOKING harm our health, our reality can not deny this. Many diseases have proven to be bad due to smoke, either directly or indirectly.Smoking habit is not only detrimental to the smoker, but also for those around them.Cigarette smoke is a pollutant for humans and the environment. Not just for health, smoking also causes problems in the economic field. In industrialized countries there is now a tendency to quit smoking, whereas in developing countries, particularly Indonesia, actually tend to arise increased smoking habits.Through resolution 1983, the World Health Organization (WHO) has set May 31 as World Tobacco Free Day every year.WHO Report 1983 states, the number of smokers increased by 2.1 percent per year in developing countries, whereas in developed countries this figure decreased by around 1.1 percent per year.
Research in Jakarta showed that 64.8 percent of men and 9.8 percent of women with age above 13 years were smokers. In fact, the group of teens, 49 percent of male students and 8.8 percent of female students in Jakarta is already smoking.
Studies in Semarang in 1973 by Prof. Boedi Darmojo get the prevalence of smoking at 96.1 percent of the pedicab drivers, paramedics, 79.8 percent, 51.9 percent of civil servants, and 36.8 percent of physicians. In a study conducted by Prof. Soesmalijah Soewondo from the Faculty of Psychology UI, which asked the number of people who do not stop smoking-derived answer is that when not smoking, will be hard to concentrate, anxiety, and even could get fat, whereas if smoking, would feel more mature and can arising from the ideas or inspiration. Psychological factors and this is what a lot of physiological influence smoking habits in the community.
Studies in Semarang in 1973 by Prof. Boedi Darmojo get the prevalence of smoking at 96.1 percent of the pedicab drivers, paramedics, 79.8 percent, 51.9 percent of civil servants, and 36.8 percent of physicians. In a study conducted by Prof. Soesmalijah Soewondo from the Faculty of Psychology UI, which asked the number of people who do not stop smoking-derived answer is that when not smoking, will be hard to concentrate, anxiety, and even could get fat, whereas if smoking, would feel more mature and can arising from the ideas or inspiration. Psychological factors and this is what a lot of physiological influence smoking habits in the community.
Cigarette smoke contains a smoker who inhaled the gas and particle components. Particles released during smoking as much as 5 x 109 pp. Gas component comprises carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbon compounds. The particle component consisting of tar, nicotine, benzopiren, phenol, and cadmium.Impact of lungSmoking can cause changes in the structure and function of airways and lung tissue. In large airways, mucous cells enlarge (hypertrophy) and increased mucus glands (hyperplasia). In small airways, there was mild inflammation caused by the increasing constriction of cells and mucus buildup. In lung tissue, an increase in the number of inflammatory cells and damage to the alveoli.Due to changes in airway anatomy, the smoker will arise changes in lung function with all sorts of clinical symptoms. This became the main basis of the occurrence of chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (PPOM).
It says smoking is the cause of PPOM, including pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma.The relationship between smoking and lung cancer has been investigated in the last 4-5 decades. There were strong links between smoking, particularly cigarettes, with the incidence of lung cancer. There is even expressly stated that the cigarettes as the main cause of lung cancer.Cigarette smoke particles, such as benzopiren, dibenzopiren, and urethane, a carcinogen known as a material. Tar is also associated with risk of cancer. Compared with nonsmokers, the possibility arises of lung cancer in smokers reach 10-30 times more frequently.
Impact on the heartMany studies have proven the existence of the relationship of smoking and coronary heart disease (CHD). Of the 11 million deaths per year in industrialized countries, the WHO reports that more than half (6 million) due to interruption of blood circulation, in which 2.5 million were coronary heart disease and 1.5 million are stroke. MOH survey in 1986 and 1992, have increased mortality from heart disease of 9.7 per cent (ranked third) to 16 percent (ranked first).Smoking is a major factor causing the heart blood vessel disease. Not just cause of coronary heart disease, smoking is also bad for the brain and peripheral blood vessels.Smokers smoke exhaled smoke can be divided into primary (main stream smoke) and smoke the side (side stream smoke). The main smoke is tobacco smoke that is inhaled directly by smokers, whereas the addition of smoke is tobacco smoke spread into the free air, which would be inhaled by another person or passive smokers.
Has 4000 types of chemicals found in cigarettes, with 40 species of which are carcinogenic (can cause cancer), in which more of this toxic material found on the side smoke such as carbon monoxide (CO) 5 times more common in addition to smoke than The main smoke, benzopiren 3 times, and ammonia 50 times. These materials can last up to several hours in space after the smoking stops.Generally the focus of research aimed at the role of nicotine and carbon monoxide. Both these materials, in addition to increased oxygen demand, also disrupt the oxygen supply to the heart muscle (myocardial) so that the adverse myocardial work.Nicotine interfere with the sympathetic nervous system due to increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Besides smoking causes addiction, nicotine also stimulates the release of adrenaline, increased heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac oxygen demand, and cause arrhythmia. Nicotine also obstructing the nerve, brain, and many other body parts.
Nicotine activated with the consequent emergence of Platelet adhesion Platelet (clotting) into the blood vessel walls.Carbon monoxide causes hemoglobin desaturasi, directly reducing oxygen supply to the entire body including the myocardial tissue. CO replaces the oxygen in hemoglobin, interfering with oxygen release, and accelerated atherosclerosis (calcification / thickening of blood vessel walls). Thus, physical exercise capacity lowered CO, increased blood viscosity, thus simplifying the clotting of blood.Nicotine, CO, and other substances in cigarette smoke proved to be damaging the endothelial (inner wall of blood vessels), and facilitate the occurrence of blood clots.In addition, cigarette smoke affect the lipid profile. Compared with nonsmokers, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride blood of smokers is higher, whereas HDL cholesterol is lower.
Coronary heart diseaseSmoking is proven to be the biggest risk factor for sudden death.The risk of coronary heart disease increased by 2-4 times in smokers compared with nonsmokers. This risk increases with age and number of cigarettes smoked. Research shows that smoking risk factors work synergistically with other factors such as hypertension, lipid levels or high blood sugar, to tercetusnya CHD.
Please note that the risk of death from coronary heart disease decreases by 50 percent in the first year after smoking was stopped.
As a result of clotting (thrombosis) and calcification (atherosclerosis), blood vessel walls, smoking will clearly damage the blood vessels peripheral.PPDP involving arteries and veins in the leg or arm is often found in young adult smokers, often will end up with amputation.
Disease (stroke)Blockage of blood vessels of the brain that many emergent or stroke associated with smoking. Risk of stroke and death risk higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers.
In a study conducted in the United States and England, was found smoking habits increase the likelihood of the emergence of AIDS in HIV. In the group of smokers, AIDS resulting in an average 8.17 months, whereas in the group of nonsmokers arise after 14.5 months. Immune decline in smokers initiated more easily affected by AIDS so important to quit smoking once in a defensive measure against AIDS.
Now more and more investigated and reported adverse effects on pregnant women smoking, impotence, decrease in immune individuals, including in patients with viral hepatitis, gastric cancer, and others.From the point of health economics, the impact of diseases resulting from smoking will clearly add to costs, both for individuals, families, corporations, even countries.
Diseases that arise from smoking affect the provision of manpower, especially skilled workers or executive staff, with sudden death or disability arising obvious cause large losses for the company. Decline in labor productivity raises corporate earnings decline, the economic burden that is not too little for individuals and families. Expenditures for health care costs increase, families, corporations, and government.
Smoking habitsIt should attempt to stop smoking is the duty and responsibility from all levels of society.Information and counseling, particularly among the younger generation, can also be linked with efforts to overcome the dangers of narcotics, school health efforts, and informing the general public health.Community role model figures, including officials, religious leaders, teachers, health workers, artists, and sportsmen, deservedly become a role model by not smoking.
Health professions, particularly doctors, play a very important role in education and become an example for society. Smoking habits in doctors must stop immediately. They are exemplars Important: do they want what they want Preach Practice.
It should also be restrictions on smoking opportunities in public places, schools, public transport and workplaces; regulation and control of tobacco advertising campaign; put health warnings on cigarette packages and cigarette advertising.
No smoking climate must be created. This should be implemented simultaneously by all of us, who wants the achievement of the Indonesian nation state and a healthy and prosperous.
Hans Tandra Disease Specialist Doctors, living in Surabaya
Source:http://www.kompas.co.id/kesehatan/news/0306/30/105012.htm
Please note that the risk of death from coronary heart disease decreases by 50 percent in the first year after smoking was stopped.
As a result of clotting (thrombosis) and calcification (atherosclerosis), blood vessel walls, smoking will clearly damage the blood vessels peripheral.PPDP involving arteries and veins in the leg or arm is often found in young adult smokers, often will end up with amputation.
Disease (stroke)Blockage of blood vessels of the brain that many emergent or stroke associated with smoking. Risk of stroke and death risk higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers.
In a study conducted in the United States and England, was found smoking habits increase the likelihood of the emergence of AIDS in HIV. In the group of smokers, AIDS resulting in an average 8.17 months, whereas in the group of nonsmokers arise after 14.5 months. Immune decline in smokers initiated more easily affected by AIDS so important to quit smoking once in a defensive measure against AIDS.
Now more and more investigated and reported adverse effects on pregnant women smoking, impotence, decrease in immune individuals, including in patients with viral hepatitis, gastric cancer, and others.From the point of health economics, the impact of diseases resulting from smoking will clearly add to costs, both for individuals, families, corporations, even countries.
Diseases that arise from smoking affect the provision of manpower, especially skilled workers or executive staff, with sudden death or disability arising obvious cause large losses for the company. Decline in labor productivity raises corporate earnings decline, the economic burden that is not too little for individuals and families. Expenditures for health care costs increase, families, corporations, and government.
Smoking habitsIt should attempt to stop smoking is the duty and responsibility from all levels of society.Information and counseling, particularly among the younger generation, can also be linked with efforts to overcome the dangers of narcotics, school health efforts, and informing the general public health.Community role model figures, including officials, religious leaders, teachers, health workers, artists, and sportsmen, deservedly become a role model by not smoking.
Health professions, particularly doctors, play a very important role in education and become an example for society. Smoking habits in doctors must stop immediately. They are exemplars Important: do they want what they want Preach Practice.
It should also be restrictions on smoking opportunities in public places, schools, public transport and workplaces; regulation and control of tobacco advertising campaign; put health warnings on cigarette packages and cigarette advertising.
No smoking climate must be created. This should be implemented simultaneously by all of us, who wants the achievement of the Indonesian nation state and a healthy and prosperous.
Hans Tandra Disease Specialist Doctors, living in Surabaya
Source:http://www.kompas.co.id/kesehatan/news/0306/30/105012.htm
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